Summary
Singapore Total Diet Study: 503 pooled samples across 23 food categories (incl. cereals, vegetables, fruit) as consumed, analysed for PFOS, PFOA, PFNA and PFHxS by LC-MS/MS; 75% of categories non-detect; fish and seafood 89.7% of detections.
Key numbers
Values read from the source tables and checked against the cited page. Shown as printed, without conversion. Selected records, not an exhaustive transcription. 3 values were held for review.
| chemical | statistic | value | unit | matrix | source location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PFOA (PFOA) | detection rate | 39% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Fish and seafood (n = 93 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Fish and seafood block, PFOA row, Fish and seafood Detection column |
| PFOA (PFOA) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.08 ± 0.39 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Fish and seafood (n = 93 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Fish and seafood block, PFOA row, Fish and seafood Mean (LB) column |
| PFOS (PFOS) | detection rate | 51% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Fish and seafood (n = 93 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Fish and seafood block, PFOS row, Fish and seafood Detection column |
| PFOS (PFOS) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.11 ± 0.28 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Fish and seafood (n = 93 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Fish and seafood block, PFOS row, Fish and seafood Mean (LB) column |
| PFNA (PFNA) | detection rate | 49% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Fish and seafood (n = 93 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Fish and seafood block, PFNA row, Fish and seafood Detection column |
| PFNA (PFNA) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.03 ± 0.08 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Fish and seafood (n = 93 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Fish and seafood block, PFNA row, Fish and seafood Mean (LB) column |
| PFHxS (PFHxS) | detection rate | 10% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Fish and seafood (n = 93 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Fish and seafood block, PFHxS row, Fish and seafood Detection column |
| PFHxS (PFHxS) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.01 ± 0.07 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Fish and seafood (n = 93 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Fish and seafood block, PFHxS row, Fish and seafood Mean (LB) column |
| PFOA (PFOA) | detection rate | 0% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Sauces and condiments (n = 18 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Sauces and condiments block, PFOA row, Sauces and condiments Detection column |
| PFOA (PFOA) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.00 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Sauces and condiments (n = 18 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Sauces and condiments block, PFOA row, Sauces and condiments Mean (LB) column |
| PFOS (PFOS) | detection rate | 5% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Sauces and condiments (n = 18 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Sauces and condiments block, PFOS row, Sauces and condiments Detection column |
| PFOS (PFOS) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.01 ± 0.05 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Sauces and condiments (n = 18 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Sauces and condiments block, PFOS row, Sauces and condiments Mean (LB) column |
| PFNA (PFNA) | detection rate | 0% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Sauces and condiments (n = 18 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Sauces and condiments block, PFNA row, Sauces and condiments Detection column |
| PFNA (PFNA) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.00 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Sauces and condiments (n = 18 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Sauces and condiments block, PFNA row, Sauces and condiments Mean (LB) column |
| PFHxS (PFHxS) | detection rate | 0% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Sauces and condiments (n = 18 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Sauces and condiments block, PFHxS row, Sauces and condiments Detection column |
| PFHxS (PFHxS) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.00 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Sauces and condiments (n = 18 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Sauces and condiments block, PFHxS row, Sauces and condiments Mean (LB) column |
| PFOA (PFOA) | detection rate | 27% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Eggs and egg products (n = 14 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Eggs and egg products block, PFOA row, Eggs and egg products Detection column |
| PFOA (PFOA) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.00 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Eggs and egg products (n = 14 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Eggs and egg products block, PFOA row, Eggs and egg products Mean (LB) column |
| PFOS (PFOS) | detection rate | 20% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Eggs and egg products (n = 14 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Eggs and egg products block, PFOS row, Eggs and egg products Detection column |
| PFOS (PFOS) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.02 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Eggs and egg products (n = 14 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Eggs and egg products block, PFOS row, Eggs and egg products Mean (LB) column |
| PFNA (PFNA) | detection rate | 13% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Eggs and egg products (n = 14 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Eggs and egg products block, PFNA row, Eggs and egg products Detection column |
| PFNA (PFNA) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.00 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Eggs and egg products (n = 14 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Eggs and egg products block, PFNA row, Eggs and egg products Mean (LB) column |
| PFHxS (PFHxS) | detection rate | 0% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Eggs and egg products (n = 14 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Eggs and egg products block, PFHxS row, Eggs and egg products Detection column |
| PFHxS (PFHxS) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.00 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Eggs and egg products (n = 14 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Eggs and egg products block, PFHxS row, Eggs and egg products Mean (LB) column |
| PFOA (PFOA) | detection rate | 0% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Meat and meat products (n = 53 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Meat and meat products block, PFOA row, Meat and meat products Detection column |
| PFOA (PFOA) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.00 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Meat and meat products (n = 53 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Meat and meat products block, PFOA row, Meat and meat products Mean (LB) column |
| PFOS (PFOS) | detection rate | 4% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Meat and meat products (n = 53 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Meat and meat products block, PFOS row, Meat and meat products Detection column |
| PFOS (PFOS) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.02 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Meat and meat products (n = 53 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Meat and meat products block, PFOS row, Meat and meat products Mean (LB) column |
| PFNA (PFNA) | detection rate | 2% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Meat and meat products (n = 53 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Meat and meat products block, PFNA row, Meat and meat products Detection column |
| PFNA (PFNA) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.00 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Meat and meat products (n = 53 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Meat and meat products block, PFNA row, Meat and meat products Mean (LB) column |
| PFHxS (PFHxS) | detection rate | 0% | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Meat and meat products (n = 53 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Meat and meat products block, PFHxS row, Meat and meat products Detection column |
| PFHxS (PFHxS) | mean (lower bound) ± SD | 0.00 ± 0.00 | µg/kg | Singapore total diet study, Meat and meat products (n = 53 pooled samples) | PDF p.8, Table 4, Meat and meat products block, PFHxS row, Meat and meat products Mean (LB) column |
Evidence Fitness
adjacent
Methods (brief)
See the methods section of the source PDF. Measured samples do not represent every product on the market.
Limitations
Values are reported by the authors for their own samples. Censored results and detection limits are as defined in the source. No unit conversions were made.
Provenance notes
DOI 10.3390/foods14234165 resolved at Crossref; DOI matched in the filed PDF text. Original file: Lim_2025_Singapore_total_diet_study_4_PFAS_503_pooled_samples_Foods.pdf. SHA-256: ba42bf5f96b77c0d82c23f3b79f027400edc4cc0ac722a66f016cf37d385fb55. Library folder: papers-produce-mixed.
Wiki pages updated on ingest
Condiments (hot sauce, soy sauce, mustard, ketchup, mayonnaise, salsa)