Tap drinking water

116 source-reported values from 16 filed studies. Values are shown as printed in each source, with the basis and page. Studies differ in samples, methods and limits, so values are not directly comparable. Measured samples do not represent every product on the market.

Occurrence evidence

analyte	value	unit	basis	source location	source
PFOA	349	ng/L	maximum in reused public-supply monitoring data	PDF p3, Results and Discussion, paragraph beginning Six million	Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants
PFOS	1800	ng/L	maximum in reused public-supply monitoring data	PDF p3, Results and Discussion, paragraph beginning Six million	Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants
PFNA	56	ng/L	maximum in reused public-supply monitoring data	PDF p3, Results and Discussion, paragraph beginning Six million	Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants
HFPO-DA	0.25	ng/L	drinking-water sample D1	PDF p3, Table 1, D1 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFHxA	5.3	ng/L	drinking-water sample D1	PDF p3, Table 1, D1 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOA	2.7	ng/L	drinking-water sample D1	PDF p3, Table 1, D1 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFNA	0.28	ng/L	drinking-water sample D1	PDF p3, Table 1, D1 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFDA	0.10	ng/L	drinking-water sample D1	PDF p3, Table 1, D1 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFBS	3.4	ng/L	drinking-water sample D1	PDF p3, Table 1, D1 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFHxS	0.40	ng/L	drinking-water sample D1	PDF p3, Table 1, D1 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOS	0.40	ng/L	drinking-water sample D1	PDF p3, Table 1, D1 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
HFPO-DA	0.48	ng/L	drinking-water sample D2	PDF p3, Table 1, D2 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFHxA	4.7	ng/L	drinking-water sample D2	PDF p3, Table 1, D2 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOA	2.2	ng/L	drinking-water sample D2	PDF p3, Table 1, D2 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFNA	0.25	ng/L	drinking-water sample D2	PDF p3, Table 1, D2 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFDA	0.06	ng/L	drinking-water sample D2	PDF p3, Table 1, D2 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFBS	3.4	ng/L	drinking-water sample D2	PDF p3, Table 1, D2 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFHxS	0.43	ng/L	drinking-water sample D2	PDF p3, Table 1, D2 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOS	0.41	ng/L	drinking-water sample D2	PDF p3, Table 1, D2 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
HFPO-DA	11	ng/L	drinking-water sample D3	PDF p3, Table 1, D3 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFHxA	2.9	ng/L	drinking-water sample D3	PDF p3, Table 1, D3 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOA	11	ng/L	drinking-water sample D3	PDF p3, Table 1, D3 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFNA	0.09	ng/L	drinking-water sample D3	PDF p3, Table 1, D3 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFDA	<0.03	ng/L	drinking-water sample D3	PDF p3, Table 1, D3 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFBS	19	ng/L	drinking-water sample D3	PDF p3, Table 1, D3 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFHxS	0.39	ng/L	drinking-water sample D3	PDF p3, Table 1, D3 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOS	0.31	ng/L	drinking-water sample D3	PDF p3, Table 1, D3 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
HFPO-DA	<0.2	ng/L	drinking-water sample D4	PDF p3, Table 1, D4 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFHxA	0.29	ng/L	drinking-water sample D4	PDF p3, Table 1, D4 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOA	<0.3	ng/L	drinking-water sample D4	PDF p3, Table 1, D4 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFNA	<0.03	ng/L	drinking-water sample D4	PDF p3, Table 1, D4 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFDA	<0.03	ng/L	drinking-water sample D4	PDF p3, Table 1, D4 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFBS	2.3	ng/L	drinking-water sample D4	PDF p3, Table 1, D4 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFHxS	0.12	ng/L	drinking-water sample D4	PDF p3, Table 1, D4 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOS	0.054	ng/L	drinking-water sample D4	PDF p3, Table 1, D4 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
HFPO-DA	<0.2	ng/L	drinking-water sample D5	PDF p3, Table 1, D5 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFHxA	0.27	ng/L	drinking-water sample D5	PDF p3, Table 1, D5 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOA	0.63	ng/L	drinking-water sample D5	PDF p3, Table 1, D5 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFNA	<0.03	ng/L	drinking-water sample D5	PDF p3, Table 1, D5 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFDA	<0.03	ng/L	drinking-water sample D5	PDF p3, Table 1, D5 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFBS	1.0	ng/L	drinking-water sample D5	PDF p3, Table 1, D5 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFHxS	0.08	ng/L	drinking-water sample D5	PDF p3, Table 1, D5 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOS	0.080	ng/L	drinking-water sample D5	PDF p3, Table 1, D5 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
HFPO-DA	<0.2	ng/L	drinking-water sample D6	PDF p3, Table 1, D6 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFHxA	<0.1	ng/L	drinking-water sample D6	PDF p3, Table 1, D6 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOA	<0.3	ng/L	drinking-water sample D6	PDF p3, Table 1, D6 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFNA	<0.03	ng/L	drinking-water sample D6	PDF p3, Table 1, D6 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFDA	<0.03	ng/L	drinking-water sample D6	PDF p3, Table 1, D6 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFBS	0.54	ng/L	drinking-water sample D6	PDF p3, Table 1, D6 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFHxS	0.02	ng/L	drinking-water sample D6	PDF p3, Table 1, D6 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOS	<0.03	ng/L	drinking-water sample D6	PDF p3, Table 1, D6 row	Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
PFOA	0.57 (0.33, 1.36)	ng/L	median (IQR), detected archived tap-water samples only	PDF p3, Table 2, nPFOA	Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
PFOA	0.39 (0.17, 0.51)	ng/L	median (IQR), detected archived tap-water samples only	PDF p3, Table 2, brPFOA	Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
PFNA	0.23 (0.13, 0.29)	ng/L	median (IQR), detected archived tap-water samples only	PDF p3, Table 2, nPFNA	Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
PFNA	0.19 (0.10, 0.34)	ng/L	median (IQR), detected archived tap-water samples only	PDF p3, Table 2, brPFNA	Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
PFDA	0.22 (0.19, 0.94)	ng/L	median (IQR), detected archived tap-water samples only	PDF p3, Table 2, PFDA	Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
PFBS	0.20 (0.19, 0.25)	ng/L	median (IQR), detected archived tap-water samples only	PDF p3, Table 2, PFBS	Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
PFHxS	0.51 (0.23, 1.43)	ng/L	median (IQR), detected archived tap-water samples only	PDF p3, Table 2, nPFHxS	Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
PFHxS	0.44 (0.18, 0.99)	ng/L	median (IQR), detected archived tap-water samples only	PDF p3, Table 2, brPFHxS	Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
PFOS	0.69 (0.29, 1.80)	ng/L	median (IQR), detected archived tap-water samples only	PDF p3, Table 2, nPFOS	Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
PFOS	0.94 (0.51, 2.04)	ng/L	median (IQR), detected archived tap-water samples only	PDF p3, Table 2, brPFOS	Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
PFOA	9.94	ng/L	median in treated water; source uses zero for ND in statistical analysis	PDF p5, section 3.1	Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Treatment Plants from Korea: Occurrence and Human Exposure
PFHxA	9.52	ng/L	median in treated water; source uses zero for ND in statistical analysis	PDF p5, section 3.1	Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Treatment Plants from Korea: Occurrence and Human Exposure
PFHxS	8.69	ng/L	median in treated water; source uses zero for ND in statistical analysis	PDF p5, section 3.1	Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Treatment Plants from Korea: Occurrence and Human Exposure
Total organic fluorine	409	ng of F/L	extractable organofluorine in treated water, D3; aggregate fluorine, not individual PFAS	PDF p4, Results and discussion, Extractable organofluorine analysis	A pilot study on extractable organofluorine and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water from drinking water treatment plants around Taihu Lake, China: what is missed by target PFAS analysis?
Total organic fluorine	340	ng of F/L	extractable organofluorine in treated water, D4; aggregate fluorine, not individual PFAS	PDF p4, Results and discussion, Extractable organofluorine analysis	A pilot study on extractable organofluorine and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water from drinking water treatment plants around Taihu Lake, China: what is missed by target PFAS analysis?
Total organic fluorine	125	ng of F/L	extractable organofluorine in treated water, D5; aggregate fluorine, not individual PFAS	PDF p4, Results and discussion, Extractable organofluorine analysis	A pilot study on extractable organofluorine and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water from drinking water treatment plants around Taihu Lake, China: what is missed by target PFAS analysis?
Total organic fluorine	130	ng of F/L	extractable organofluorine in treated water, D8; aggregate fluorine, not individual PFAS	PDF p4, Results and discussion, Extractable organofluorine analysis	A pilot study on extractable organofluorine and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water from drinking water treatment plants around Taihu Lake, China: what is missed by target PFAS analysis?
PFOA	<LOQ	ng/L	unfiltered tap water; median [min, max] among quantifiable results or printed <LOQ	PDF p3, Table 2, unfiltered tap-water column	Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and blood samples during pregnancy
PFNA	<LOQ	ng/L	unfiltered tap water; median [min, max] among quantifiable results or printed <LOQ	PDF p3, Table 2, unfiltered tap-water column	Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and blood samples during pregnancy
PFDA	<LOQ	ng/L	unfiltered tap water; median [min, max] among quantifiable results or printed <LOQ	PDF p3, Table 2, unfiltered tap-water column	Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and blood samples during pregnancy
PFHxS	<LOQ	ng/L	unfiltered tap water; median [min, max] among quantifiable results or printed <LOQ	PDF p3, Table 2, unfiltered tap-water column	Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and blood samples during pregnancy
PFOS	13.0 [10.0, 28.0]	ng/L	unfiltered tap water; median [min, max] among quantifiable results or printed <LOQ	PDF p3, Table 2, unfiltered tap-water column	Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and blood samples during pregnancy
PFHxA	12.0 [10.0, 16.0]	ng/L	unfiltered tap water; median [min, max] among quantifiable results or printed <LOQ	PDF p3, Table 2, unfiltered tap-water column	Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and blood samples during pregnancy
PFOA	<LOQ	ng/L	activated-carbon filtered tap water; median [min, max] among quantifiable results or printed <LOQ	PDF p3, Table 2, filtered tap water with AC	Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and blood samples during pregnancy
PFOS	12.0 [11.0, 21.0]	ng/L	activated-carbon filtered tap water; median [min, max] among quantifiable results or printed <LOQ	PDF p3, Table 2, filtered tap water with AC	Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and blood samples during pregnancy
PFBS	10.5 [5.9, 15.0]	ng/L	activated-carbon filtered tap water; median [min, max] among quantifiable results or printed <LOQ	PDF p3, Table 2, filtered tap water with AC	Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and blood samples during pregnancy
PFOA	3.19 [0.74, 7.17]	ng/L	surface-water-derived produced drinking water; median [min, max], including source censoring treatment	PDF p5, Table 2, surface-water-derived drinking-water column	Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
PFOA	0.34 [0.06, 0.87]	ng/L	groundwater-derived produced drinking water; median [min, max], including source censoring treatment	PDF p5, Table 2, groundwater-derived drinking-water column	Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
PFOA	0.5 [0.09, 1.52]	ng/L	surface-water-derived produced drinking water; median [min, max], including source censoring treatment	PDF p5, Table 2, surface-water-derived drinking-water column	Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
PFOS	0.75 [0.03, 2.22]	ng/L	surface-water-derived produced drinking water; median [min, max], including source censoring treatment	PDF p5, Table 2, surface-water-derived drinking-water column	Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
PFOS	0.06 [0.01, 0.17]	ng/L	groundwater-derived produced drinking water; median [min, max], including source censoring treatment	PDF p5, Table 2, groundwater-derived drinking-water column	Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
PFNA	0.26 [0.03, 0.4]	ng/L	surface-water-derived produced drinking water; median [min, max], including source censoring treatment	PDF p5, Table 2, surface-water-derived drinking-water column	Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
PFNA	0.03 [0.03, 0.09]	ng/L	groundwater-derived produced drinking water; median [min, max], including source censoring treatment	PDF p5, Table 2, groundwater-derived drinking-water column	Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
PFDA	0.14 [0.03, 0.3]	ng/L	surface-water-derived produced drinking water; median [min, max], including source censoring treatment	PDF p5, Table 2, surface-water-derived drinking-water column	Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
PFDA	0.08 [0.03, 0.28]	ng/L	groundwater-derived produced drinking water; median [min, max], including source censoring treatment	PDF p5, Table 2, groundwater-derived drinking-water column	Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
PFBS	1.74 [0.22, 3.5]	ng/L	surface-water-derived produced drinking water; median [min, max], including source censoring treatment	PDF p5, Table 2, surface-water-derived drinking-water column	Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
PFHxA	3.34 [0.3, 8.8]	ng/L	surface-water-derived produced drinking water; median [min, max], including source censoring treatment	PDF p5, Table 2, surface-water-derived drinking-water column	Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
PFHxA	0.15 [0.03, 0.35]	ng/L	groundwater-derived produced drinking water; median [min, max], including source censoring treatment	PDF p5, Table 2, groundwater-derived drinking-water column	Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
PFOA	11,300	ng/L	one private-well household tap sample; exceptional result, not a population statistic	PDF p5, section 3.1, paragraph beginning While the study sampling locations	Prevalence and Source Tracing of PFAS in Shallow Groundwater Used for Drinking Water in Wisconsin, USA
PFOS	0.96	ng/L	median in residential tap water	PDF p10, section 3.1, paragraph beginning The chemicals with the highest median	Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and house dust from United States homes
PFOA	6.8-13.6	ng/L	range among detections in household tap-water samples	PDF p17, Table 2; p10 Results	Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water in Southeast Los Angeles: Industrial Legacy and Environmental Justice
PFOS	9.4-17.8	ng/L	range among detections in household tap-water samples	PDF p17, Table 2; p10 Results	Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water in Southeast Los Angeles: Industrial Legacy and Environmental Justice
PFOA	39.8	ng/L	drinking-water site P6, targeted quantified concentration	PDF p8, section 3.1 Quantitative Study	Non-Targeted PFAS Suspect Screening and Quantification of Drinking Water Samples Collected through Community Engaged Research in North Carolina’s Cape Fear River Basin
PFOS	205.3	ng/L	drinking-water site P6, targeted quantified concentration	PDF p8, section 3.1 Quantitative Study	Non-Targeted PFAS Suspect Screening and Quantification of Drinking Water Samples Collected through Community Engaged Research in North Carolina’s Cape Fear River Basin
PFHxA	62.6	ng/L	drinking-water site P6, targeted quantified concentration	PDF p8, section 3.1 Quantitative Study	Non-Targeted PFAS Suspect Screening and Quantification of Drinking Water Samples Collected through Community Engaged Research in North Carolina’s Cape Fear River Basin
PFBS	76.9	ng/L	drinking-water site P6, targeted quantified concentration	PDF p8, section 3.1 Quantitative Study	Non-Targeted PFAS Suspect Screening and Quantification of Drinking Water Samples Collected through Community Engaged Research in North Carolina’s Cape Fear River Basin
PFHxS	244.3	ng/L	drinking-water site P6, targeted quantified concentration	PDF p8, section 3.1 Quantitative Study	Non-Targeted PFAS Suspect Screening and Quantification of Drinking Water Samples Collected through Community Engaged Research in North Carolina’s Cape Fear River Basin
PFBS	≤13	ng/L	current public-water samples, reported upper concentration	PDF p6, section 3.2 Water	Elevated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in tap water and serum in a community near an abandoned paper mill
PFOA	0.1-63.6	ng/L	drinking-water application samples; content range or single reported value	PDF p11, Table 5, Drinking water Content column	Determination of 51 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in raw water and drinking water by online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
PFBS	0.2-6.0	ng/L	drinking-water application samples; content range or single reported value	PDF p11, Table 5, Drinking water Content column	Determination of 51 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in raw water and drinking water by online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
PFHxA	0.2-8.4	ng/L	drinking-water application samples; content range or single reported value	PDF p11, Table 5, Drinking water Content column	Determination of 51 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in raw water and drinking water by online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
PFNA	0.1-1.6	ng/L	drinking-water application samples; content range or single reported value	PDF p11, Table 5, Drinking water Content column	Determination of 51 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in raw water and drinking water by online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
PFOS	0.3-2.4	ng/L	drinking-water application samples; content range or single reported value	PDF p12, Table 5, Drinking water Content column	Determination of 51 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in raw water and drinking water by online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
HFPO-DA	0.2-2.6	ng/L	drinking-water application samples; content range or single reported value	PDF p12, Table 5, Drinking water Content column	Determination of 51 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in raw water and drinking water by online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
PFHxS	0.2-3.5	ng/L	drinking-water application samples; content range or single reported value	PDF p12, Table 5, Drinking water Content column	Determination of 51 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in raw water and drinking water by online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
PFDA	0.2	ng/L	drinking-water application samples; content range or single reported value	PDF p12, Table 5, Drinking water Content column	Determination of 51 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in raw water and drinking water by online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
PFOA	0.03-0.76	ng/L	reported detected concentration range; source method has panel LOQ range	PDF p4, section 3.1	Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) in tap water in the southern key economic region
PFOS	0.06-0.82	ng/L	reported detected concentration range; source method has panel LOQ range	PDF p4, section 3.1	Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) in tap water in the southern key economic region
PFOA	0.0032	µg/L	annual average drinking-water concentration, 2018	PDF p10, section 3.1	Nationwide Monitoring and Hepatic Mixture Risk Assessment of PFASs in Korean Drinking Water Using Relative Potency Factors
PFOA	0.0014	µg/L	annual average drinking-water concentration, 2024	PDF p10, section 3.1	Nationwide Monitoring and Hepatic Mixture Risk Assessment of PFASs in Korean Drinking Water Using Relative Potency Factors
PFOS	0.0008	µg/L	annual average drinking-water concentration, 2018	PDF p10, section 3.1	Nationwide Monitoring and Hepatic Mixture Risk Assessment of PFASs in Korean Drinking Water Using Relative Potency Factors
PFOS	0.0003	µg/L	annual average drinking-water concentration, 2024	PDF p10, section 3.1	Nationwide Monitoring and Hepatic Mixture Risk Assessment of PFASs in Korean Drinking Water Using Relative Potency Factors
PFOS	254	ng/L	one of three high household results at first sampling visit; source lists values in this order, not a household identifier	PDF p4, Results, paragraph beginning Given the concern	Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Tap Water Following an Accidental Release of Fire-Fighting Foam into the Drinking Water System in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, USA
PFOS	153	ng/L	one of three high household results at first sampling visit; source lists values in this order, not a household identifier	PDF p4, Results, paragraph beginning Given the concern	Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Tap Water Following an Accidental Release of Fire-Fighting Foam into the Drinking Water System in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, USA
PFOS	16.8	ng/L	one of three high household results at first sampling visit; source lists values in this order, not a household identifier	PDF p4, Results, paragraph beginning Given the concern	Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Tap Water Following an Accidental Release of Fire-Fighting Foam into the Drinking Water System in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, USA

Analytical methods

Regulatory references

Products · Analytes · Methodology

Evidence gaps

Sources

Detection of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in U.S. Drinking Water Linked to Industrial Sites, Military Fire Training Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants
Presence of Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in River and Drinking Water near a Fluorochemical Production Plant in the Netherlands
Tap Water Contributions to Plasma Concentrations of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in a Nationwide Prospective Cohort of U.S. Women
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in Chinese drinking water: risk assessment and geographical distribution
Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Treatment Plants from Korea: Occurrence and Human Exposure
A Participatory Science Approach to Evaluating Factors Associated with the Occurrence of Metals and PFAS in Guatemala City Tap Water
A pilot study on extractable organofluorine and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water from drinking water treatment plants around Taihu Lake, China: what is missed by target PFAS analysis?
Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Simultaneous Determination of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Drinking Water by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater Used as a Source of Drinking Water in the Eastern United States
Legacy and novel PFASs in wastewater, natural water, and drinking water: Occurrence in Western Countries vs China
Concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and blood samples during pregnancy
Occurrence, Fate, and Related Health Risks of PFAS in Raw and Produced Drinking Water
Prevalence and Source Tracing of PFAS in Shallow Groundwater Used for Drinking Water in Wisconsin, USA
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in paired tap water and house dust from United States homes
Examining Potential PFAS Contamination of Private Wells from a High School in Rural Maine
Quantifying Disparities in Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Levels in Drinking Water from Overburdened Communities in New Jersey, 2019-2021
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water in Southeast Los Angeles: Industrial Legacy and Environmental Justice
Non-Targeted PFAS Suspect Screening and Quantification of Drinking Water Samples Collected through Community Engaged Research in North Carolina’s Cape Fear River Basin
Evaluation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Levels in Drinking Water: A Study of Riverside Municipal Wells
Elevated per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in tap water and serum in a community near an abandoned paper mill
Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Tap Water from the American Healthy Homes Survey II
Characterization of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water Sources in the Greater Montreal Area, Quebec, Canada
Determination of 51 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in raw water and drinking water by online solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Associations between PFAS in public water system drinking water and serum among Southern California adults
Occurrence, Sources, and Prioritization of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Drinking Water from Yangtze River Delta, China: Focusing on Emerging PFASs
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) in tap water in the southern key economic region
PFAS in Rural U.S. Well Water: Using Participatory Science to Identify and Communicate Results to Address Risks
Identification and quantification of PFAS in the tap water of a French City, Besançon
Nationwide Monitoring and Hepatic Mixture Risk Assessment of PFASs in Korean Drinking Water Using Relative Potency Factors
Determination of perfluorinated compounds, antibiotics and pesticides in drinking water by automated solid phase extraction with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Tap Water Following an Accidental Release of Fire-Fighting Foam into the Drinking Water System in McKeesport, Pennsylvania, USA
Assessment of Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Surface Waters Used for Urban Water Supply in Brazil
Evaluation of isotope-dilution mass spectrometry, internal standard, and external standard methods for PFAS quantification in tap water and soil

References

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