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Scientific profiles are awaiting evidence review.

Liquid milk, cow

Quoted values stay tied to the cited study. Empty sections are gaps.

85 source-reported values from 6 filed studies. Values are shown as printed in each source, with the basis and page. Studies differ in samples, methods and limits, so values are not directly comparable. Measured samples do not represent every product on the market.

Occurrence evidence

analytevalueunitbasissource locationsource
PFBSNDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F12PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFNANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F12PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFOSTracesµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F12PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFDANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F12PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFBSNDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F13PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFNANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F13PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFOSTracesµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F13PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFDANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F13PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFBS0.085µg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F15PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFNANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F15PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFOSNDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F15PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFDANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F15PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFBSNDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F19PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFNANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F19PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFOSTracesµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F19PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFDANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F19PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFBSNDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F20PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFNANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F20PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFOSTracesµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F20PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFDANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F20PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFBSNDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F27PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFNATracesµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F27PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFOSNDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F27PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFDANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F27PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFBS0.066µg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F36PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFNANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F36PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFOSNDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F36PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFDANDµg/kgCow bulk milk; farm F36PDF p.11 Table 4; limits p.10Preliminary Assessment of Co-Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 and Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Bovine and Goat Milk in Algeria
PFHxA0.03ng/mLMilk, Taiwan market samples (n = 10); medianPDF p.5, Table 2, Milk row, PFHxA row, PFHxA median columnConcentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in foods and the dietary exposure among Taiwan general population and pregnant women
PFOA1.70ng/mLMilk, Taiwan market samples (n = 10); medianPDF p.5, Table 2, Milk row, PFOA row, PFOA median columnConcentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in foods and the dietary exposure among Taiwan general population and pregnant women
PFDA1.53ng/mLMilk, Taiwan market samples (n = 10); medianPDF p.5, Table 2, Milk row, PFDA row, PFDA median columnConcentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in foods and the dietary exposure among Taiwan general population and pregnant women
PFHxS0.01ng/mLMilk, Taiwan market samples (n = 10); medianPDF p.5, Table 3, Milk row, PFHxS row, PFHxS median columnConcentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in foods and the dietary exposure among Taiwan general population and pregnant women
PFOS<14.9ng/mLMilk, Taiwan market samples (n = 10); medianPDF p.5, Table 3, Milk row, PFOS row, PFOS median columnConcentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in foods and the dietary exposure among Taiwan general population and pregnant women
PFHxA6.86 ± 11.80pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Skimmed; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFHxA12.42 ± 21.10pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Cream; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFHxA3.94 ± 8.60pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Whole Milk; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFOA61.43 ± 207.40pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Skimmed; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFOA31.04 ± 52.40pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Cream; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFOA11.54 ± 27.00pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Whole Milk; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFNA0.43 ± 0.66pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Skimmed; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFNA1.00 ± 1.40pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Cream; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFDAN.D.pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Skimmed; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFDAN.D.pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Cream; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFDAN.D.pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Whole Milk; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFBSN.D.pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Skimmed; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFBS0.23 ± 0.50pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Cream; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFBSN.D.pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Whole Milk; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFHxSN.D.pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Skimmed; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFHxS1.74 ± 4.90pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Cream; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFHxSN.D.pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Whole Milk; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFOS8.53 ± 22.50pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Skimmed; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFOS148.30 ± 152.30pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Cream; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFOS21.64 ± 56.50pg g−1Raw cow milk fraction Whole Milk; mean ± SDPDF p.6 Table 2First Investigation of the Physiological Distribution of Legacy and Emerging Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Raw Bovine Milk According to the Component Fraction
PFNA< MDL-10.4pg/gFarm tank cow milk; rangePDF p.5 Results, left columnOccurrence of PFAS in Cow’s Milk: A Comparative Study of Swedish Farms near Contaminated Sites and Regional Dairy Production Facilities
PFHxSapproximately 2 and 8pg/g wwFarm tank cow milk; estimated range below MDLPDF p.5 Results, left columnOccurrence of PFAS in Cow’s Milk: A Comparative Study of Swedish Farms near Contaminated Sites and Regional Dairy Production Facilities
PFOA< MDLpg/gRegional dairy production facility silo milkPDF p.1 Abstract; p.6 Dairy Production Facilities SamplesOccurrence of PFAS in Cow’s Milk: A Comparative Study of Swedish Farms near Contaminated Sites and Regional Dairy Production Facilities
PFNA< MDLpg/gRegional dairy production facility silo milkPDF p.1 Abstract; p.6 Dairy Production Facilities SamplesOccurrence of PFAS in Cow’s Milk: A Comparative Study of Swedish Farms near Contaminated Sites and Regional Dairy Production Facilities
PFHxS< MDLpg/gRegional dairy production facility silo milkPDF p.1 Abstract; p.6 Dairy Production Facilities SamplesOccurrence of PFAS in Cow’s Milk: A Comparative Study of Swedish Farms near Contaminated Sites and Regional Dairy Production Facilities
PFOS< MDLpg/gRegional dairy production facility silo milkPDF p.1 Abstract; p.6 Dairy Production Facilities SamplesOccurrence of PFAS in Cow’s Milk: A Comparative Study of Swedish Farms near Contaminated Sites and Regional Dairy Production Facilities
PFOS0.0017µg/kgCow milk; source table meanPDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFOS0.0014µg/kgCow milk; source table medianPDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFOS<LOQ-0.0034µg/kgCow milk; source table rangePDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFOA0.0016µg/kgCow milk; source table meanPDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFOA0.0015µg/kgCow milk; source table medianPDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFOA<LOQ-0.0023µg/kgCow milk; source table rangePDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFNA0.0015µg/kgCow milk; source table meanPDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFNA0.0015µg/kgCow milk; source table medianPDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFNA<LOQ-0.0016µg/kgCow milk; source table rangePDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFDA0.0021µg/kgCow milk; source table meanPDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFDA0.0021µg/kgCow milk; source table medianPDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFDA<LOQ-0.0021µg/kgCow milk; source table rangePDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFBS0.0012µg/kgCow milk; source table meanPDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFBS0.0012µg/kgCow milk; source table medianPDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFBS<LOQ-0.0012µg/kgCow milk; source table rangePDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFHxS<LOQµg/kgCow milk; source table meanPDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFHxA<LOQµg/kgCow milk; source table meanPDF p.5 Tables 1 to 2Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances in cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk - dietary intake and risk assessment
PFOA<5.0-151.8ng/LRetail milk; rangePDF p.6 Table 2; limits p.4 Table 1Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment
PFOA16.2ng/LRetail milk; meanPDF p.6 Table 2; limits p.4 Table 1Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment
PFOA33.0%Retail milk; frequency above LODPDF p.6 Table 2; limits p.4 Table 1Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment
PFOS<10.0-172.9ng/LRetail milk; rangePDF p.6 Table 2; limits p.4 Table 1Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment
PFOS24.5ng/LRetail milk; meanPDF p.6 Table 2; limits p.4 Table 1Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment
PFOS39.6%Retail milk; frequency above LODPDF p.6 Table 2; limits p.4 Table 1Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment
PFOS<10.0-25.1ng/LRaw milk; rangePDF p.6 Table 2; limits p.4 Table 1Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment
PFOS2.2ng/LRaw milk; meanPDF p.6 Table 2; limits p.4 Table 1Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment
PFOS12.5%Raw milk; frequency above LODPDF p.6 Table 2; limits p.4 Table 1Occurrence of Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in Milk and Yogurt and Their Risk Assessment

Analytical methods

Regulatory references

Products · Analytes · Methodology

Evidence gaps

Sources

References

Sources explicitly cited in this page's body.